Jake
1/26/2008
History Midterm Study Guide
English Colonization
Cabot/Gilbert
| When was John Cabot’s voyage? | 1497 |
| Name a few things Columbus and Cabot have in common. | 1. Both grew up in Genoa, Italy 2. Both looked for a western waterway to Asia 3. Both sought sponsorship from King Henry VII 4. Both were the first explorers to reach the New World for their respective nation sponsors 5. Both used very modest ships and crew [Columbus had 3 ships, the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria, Cabot had one, the Matthew] 6. Both thought [till their dying day] that they reached Asia |
| What was the major difference between Cabot and Columbus? | After his fourth voyage, Columbus received fame and fortune. Cabot didn’t make it back from his second voyage in 1498. |
| In 1558, Queen Elizabeth wanted to make England a world power by doing what? | Expanding world trade. |
| How did she want to accomplish that? | She knew England needed a bigger navy to explore an colonize, and compete with the Spanish Armada |
| What was the modern world’s first superpower? (it was the superpower during this time too) | Spain, under King Phillip II, an absolutist |
| In 1578, Elizabeth sends Humphrey Gilbert to explore. What was his nickname? | The Pathfinder of the British Empire. |
| Did he succeed? | Nope. He failed. |
| 1583 – He tries again. Did he succeed? | Nope. He failed again. In fact, he, his ship, and his entire crew sink to the bottom of the ocean. |
| Who took over Gilbert’s dream in 1585? | Sir Walter Raleigh, Gilbert’s half-brother. |
Raleigh/Roanoke Island
| Where did Gilbert land, what did he name the area, and why? | He landed on Roanoke Island, off the coast of modern-day North Carolina. He named the area “Virginia” after the Virgin Queen Elizabeth. |
| What was the first major turning point in U.S. History? | The defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588. |
| Who becomes the new superpower? | France. |
| Upon returning to Roanoke Island in 1590, what did Raleigh discover? | That everyone vanished. Except for the words CROATOAN and CRO, there was nothing but a ghost town. |
Be prepared for an essay on analyzing the fate of the Roanoke colonists.
Joint Stock
| Define ‘Joint Stock Company’. | Property held in common by a company of men, each of whom is called a stockholder |
| What are some pros of this type of company? | From the company owner’s point of view, it takes the financial burden off of one person and puts it on all of the stockholders. From the stock holder’s point of view, they get to make money from a company without doing any work, assuming the company doesn’t fail. |
| What are some cons of this type of company? | Your business decisions affect many more people than you. You may not even be able to do certain things because they stockholders say not to. |
Virginia
Jamestown/Virginia
| Name some reasons as to why the English came to the New World. | 1. Lure of gold and silver 2. Northwest passage 3. Raw materials, like timber for ships, which help to bolster mercantilism 4. Challenge Spain and France in the New World 5. Create a global economy 6. Reaction to the urban ‘city’ life 7. Spreading Christianity |
| Who succeeds Queen Elizabeth in 1603, and what was his ruling style? | King James I succeeds her, and he is an absolutist. |
| Why is it important that a Scottish king took over England? | Because that combined Scotland and England, creating Great Britain. |
| What is a Joint Stock Company? | It is a company with investors. |
| Why did King James want a Joint Stock Company to do the colonization? | He did not want to pay for another Roanoke. |
| What are some pros of a Joint Stock Company? | It allowed businesses to do more with less because they had other people’s money too, and it allowed investors to take a part in a company’s success. It is easy fundraising, and financial responsibility does not rest on one person. |
| What are some cons of a Joint Stock Company? | The business risks the money of more than one person, and the business owner does not have full control. The business does not get as much money because profit is split among investors. Investors could lose everything if the business screws up. |
| To whom does King James grant a colonization charter in 1606? | The Virginia Company |
| Where were the two locations of the Virginia Company, and which had Jamestown? | · The Virginia Company of Plymouth was in the North, in Massachusetts · The Virginia Company of London was in the South, in Virginia, and had Jamestown |
| Who controlled the middle? | The Dutch, in New Amsterdam (later New York). |
| What was the REAL birth date of Jamestown? | May 14, 1607. |
| Why was Jamestown so important? | It marked the first successful, permanent English colony in America, and therefore the genesis of the USA. |
| What were some problems that the Jamestown Settlers had? | · Disease – Malaria from mosquitoes, dysentery from the water · Native American raids · Arguing amongst themselves · False, lofty expectations |
| Why were so many of the colonists getting sick? | In addition to the disease, the colonists had wanted to sail for two months, but ended up sailing for five. They had to survive three extra months on a boat eating only the nonperishable rations. When they reached the shore, their food was gone and they had missed the planting time in spring that they had wanted to catch, so they were starving. |
John Smith
| What was John Smith’s ‘Golden Rule’? | “No work, no food.” |
| What were the four major rules to live by after he left? | 1. No trading with Native Americans without permission 2. No laziness 3. No stealing 4. No personal profit |
| What happens with John Smith in 1609? | John Smith leaves the colony…but before he does, he names the Company’s claim “New England” |
| What states make up the current “New England”? | Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. |
| What was the winter between 1609 and 1610 called? | The “Starving Time”. |
| Why was it called this? | It marked a crucial time in seeing if the colonists could survive on their own, the ultimate ‘litmus test’. The colonists had to go without John Smith and survive the winter. Many died, and there were rumors of cannibalism, but they did indeed survive. Of 500, 60 were left. |
| What happens in 1613 that marks the economic expansion of Jamestown? | John Rolfe comes, and he cultivates the first sample of tobacco weeds. These weeds are better than those in England because they are easily refined. This is the cash crop the colony needed. |
| What does John Rolfe do in 1614, and why? | He marries Pocahontas, in order to establish peace between Jamestown and Powhatan |
| What two major events happened in 1619? | 1. House of Burgesses is created o First representative government/assembly in the New World o The King doesn’t want to micromanage o “Burgesses” means “Free man from the city” in Latin 2. Black slaves and women were brought to the settlement |
| How did the Spanish way of ruling differ from the English way? | · Spanish colonists differ from the English · Spanish rule was harsher and more oppressive – Spanish colonies were extensions of Spain · Spanish purpose was mercantilistic, commercial · English purpose was also mercantilistic, however the rule was more open and amenable to representative government |
| What was the population like between 1619 and 1624? | 5,000 settlers, but population was stagnant due to sickness. |
| What happened in 1622? | The Powhatan uprising. |
| How was the Labyrinth of Melancholy solved? | It was solved as if it were a business transaction. 347 colonists were killed, and 20 women captured. The 20 women were bartered back for only a few pounds of beads. |
| What does King James do in 1624? | Out of anger and vengeance, he revokes the Virginia Company’s charter, making it a royal colony. He lets the representative assembly remain in place, though. |
Tobacco
| Who discovers tobacco, and why is it so important? | John Rolfe discovers a form of tobacco the English like and therefore makes Jamestown become financially self-supporting and acquiring profit. It was easy to refine and became the cash crop. |
The CAR
| What does the acronym CAR stand for? (Hint – it refers to the things you need to do to become a fully-functioning colony) | C – Charter A – Assembly R – Representative Government/Republicanism |
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Religion in America
Puritan Culture
| What did the Puritans wish to do to the Anglican Church? | They wanted to ‘purify’ the Catholic influence from it. They wanted the Church to be simple, and allow people a direct connection to G-d, no Popes, Bishops, etc. |
| What did the Puritans want the central point of Church to be? | The Bible. |
| But what did King James I want? | He wanted everyone to conform; he ‘harried them out of the land’. The Puritans had to leave, because there is no compromise with them. They have their own agenda, which is myopic. |
| What is the name of the Puritans who left England? | They are called Separatists. |
| What were the Separatists who left for the New World called? | They were called Pilgrims. |
| Where did the Separatists go before the New World, and why didn’t they stay there? | They went to Holland, where they received full religious freedom. However, they still thought of themselves as English, and they wanted their children to live in a place that is both English AND Puritan…the New World. Also, they didn’t want their children to adopt the customs of Holland or become Dutch themselves. |
| What were the six major points made by the Mayflower Compact? | 1. Loyalty to King 2. Power to frame and enact laws 3. Just and equal laws 4. Will of the majority 5. Promised to obey the laws 6. Provides for the foundation of Massachusetts |
| What did the Pilgrims establish in the Mayflower Compact? | A “Civill Body Politick” |
| What powers did the Pilgrims claim in this document? | The powers to enact, constitute, and frame all of their own laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices. |
| Why was the Mayflower Compact so significant? | Because it […among other things, study your homework too!] shows that even a ragtag group of religious colonists can make it without the strict guiding hand of England. It is also the second major form of self-government, the first being the House of Burgesses in Jamestown. |
| What was the significance of the Mayflower Compact? | It was the first document of self-government in the New World. |
| What is the name of the English-speaking Native American who shows up and helps them out, and what does his name mean, and when did he show up? | Squanto, meaning Special Instrument of G-d. He showed up in March of 1621. |
Mayflower Compact
| Describe the significance of the Mayflower Compact of 1620. | According to this document, the Pilgrims took their voyage for the glory of G-d, the advancement of the Christian faith, and for the honor of their king and country. The document is significant because it shows that even a ragtag group of religious colonists can make it without the strict guiding hand of England. |
John Winthrop/Views of Liberty
| Who did John Winthrop take over for? | He took over for William Bradford. |
| Who was the most important man in the ‘birth’ of Massachusetts? | John Winthrop. |
| What was the meaning behind John Winthrop’s “City Upon a Hill” speech? | [This is a quote from Wikipedia] - It inspired the Puritans with a sense of holy duty that would be crucial if they wanted to increase their chances of survival in the New World. Winthrop believed that all nations had a covenant with God, and that because England had violated its religious covenant, the Puritans must leave the country. This was an expression of the Puritan belief that the Church of England had fallen from grace by accepting Catholic rituals. John Winthrop claimed that the Puritans forge a new, special agreement with God, like that between God and the people of Israel. However, unlike the Separatists (such as the Pilgrims), the Puritans remained nominally a part of the Anglican church in hopes that it could be purified from within. Winthrop believed that by purifying Christianity in the New World, his followers would serve as an example to the Old World for building a model Protestant community. |
| In his ‘oxymoronic’ speech about the liberties of Man, how does John Winthrop seem to define ‘liberty’? | He uses ‘liberty’ to mean ‘an expression of freedom’. |
| What was the major problem Winthrop saw in the liberties of man? | · The problem is the natural liberty. o Man = evil by heart o Man = free by nature § Therefore…FREE = EVIL! |
| What is his solution? | · His solution is a theocracy. o Man is evil, so law should come from G-d o The theocracy works…until Salem |
| What is his key to maintaining the theocracy, and what metaphor does he make? | The key is choice. He explains that people choose their government like wives choose their husbands. |
The Founding of Towns
| What or who was Virginia named after? | The Virgin Queen, who was Queen Elizabeth I. |
| What year was Virginia founded, and when did Virginia become an English Colony? | 1607 – Founded 1624 - Colony |
| What type of government did Virginia have? | It was self-governing, but became a royal colony in 1624. |
| What was special governmentally about Virginia? | It had the first representative assembly, the House of Burgesses. |
| What was the first settlement of Virginia? | Jamestown. |
The First Great Awakening
| Describe the three major components of the Power of Religion. Also, make sure you’re able to define them. | 1. Puritanism 2. Salem 3. The Great Awakening |
Salem
| What was special governmentally about Massachusetts? | It had the firs bicameral legislature. It also was somewhat of a theocracy in Puritanism, leading to the issues in Salem. |
Colonial America
Colonial America “Packet”
…You guys should all have your packets
NJ Colonial History
The Birth
| The first European settlements were established in NJ by ______ and ______. | Swedes and Dutch |
| _____________ grants the land that is | Duke of York (King James II); Sir George Carteret; Lord John Berkley. |
The Split
| Because Carteret and Berkley started giving out the land to too many proprietors, the _________ deed of _______ split new Jersey in two (east and west). | Quintipartite; 1676 |
The Men
| Carteret was granted ________ Jersey while | East; West |
| Who went to Queen Anne to ask her to unite | Louis Morris |
| Louis Morris made | Louis Morris made New |
| Louis Morris was the first __________ of | Governor |
The Disarray
| When | |
| Why did | The government of |
| | 1738 |
| Why was it important that | |
| Who is the breadbasket colony? | NOT |
The Unification
| What did Louis Morris do to unite | He went to Queen Anne and asked to make New |
The Economic and Agricultural Growth
| What were the effects of agricultural effects in | - Slavery - More food |
| What were some effects of business and industry in | - Urbanization - Poverty - Different lifestyles |
| What happened as a result of | They decided to print more money so they would have enough for all three colonies. This threw supply and demand way out of whack. |
The Great Awakening
| Describe the three major components of the Power of Religion. Also, make sure you’re able to define them. | 1. Puritanism 2. Salem 3. The Great Awakening |
The Last Royal Governor
| Who was the last royal governor of | William Franklin |
| William Franklin was whose son? | Benjamin Franklin |
The French and Indian War
Albany Plan of Union
| What major event created the need for the Albany Plan of Union, and why? | The Deerfield Massacre in Massachusetts, which was in 1704. It created the kind of angst that the colonists in New England started to feel regarding the Native Americans. It’s not exactly a direct cause, but it generates the attitude that something has to be done. France is intimidating to the vulnerable English colonies. So now there are two threats, French and Indian. Will they join forces? Everyone knows that the British will fight the French here, but where will the Native Americans be in all of this? They had to meet to decide all of these things. |
| Who was responsible for the Albany Plan of Union? | Benjamin Franklin. |
| When did the Albany Plan of Union take place? | 1754. |
| Which Native American nation was the only Pro-British group in America? | The Iroquois. |
| What did they model themselves after, and why? | The Iroquois confederacy, because the Iroquois were used to having their six disparate groups meet together to solve problems. |
Causes
| Why did the Albany Congress meet? | To discuss Native American affairs and colonial defense. |
Battles
| What was the outcome of the congress? | It was a complete failure. |
| How many councilmen were on the proposed council? | 48. |
| Why did it fail? | · The colonies didn’t want a central government. They had different currencies, trade policies, border disputes, ways of self-governing, temperaments, tax policies, levels of maturity, constitutions…They considered themselves different British nations. Even those who attended the meeting were slightly taken aback by the want for a central government. · Colonies didn’t share the same sense of urgency · Colonies didn’t want to be taxed by another colony · The British didn’t support this framework. They didn’t want the children ganging up on the parents. If the ‘kiddies’ start coming together, they may grow up and decide to move out. |
Results
| Who was on what side in the French and Indian war? | French and Indians Vs. British and Americans |
| What were some causes of the French and Indian war? | · The disputed area: Ohio Country · England and France were in a World War · American expansion into the west · Minor – France’s design on Maryland (France had its eyes on that one colony because it was Catholic, and so was France.) |
| When did the Battle at the Great Meadows take place, and why was it important? | In 1754, in the battle at the Great Meadows, George Washington started the French and Indian War. |
| What important event happened on June 9, 1755? | Braddock’s defeat near Fort Duquesne – George Washington is an abject failure. |
| Who takes over in 1757, and what is his strategy? | William Pitt and his strategy was to take over Canada by cutting off the supply lines that lead into Ohio country. |
| What was the turning point in this war, and when was it? | August 27, 1758 – Battle of Fort Niagara. |
| What happened on November 25, 1758? | The retaking of Fort Duquesne. The fort is renamed Fort Pitt, and it and the surrounding area later became Pittsburgh. |
| Where was the Battle of Quebec, which happened on September 12-18, 1759? | The Plains of Abraham, a plateau slightly below the city of Quebec. |
| When was the Treaty of Paris? | 1783. |
| What were the five results of the Treaty of Paris? | 1. Britain gets Canada 2. Britain gets all land east of the Mississippi 3. Britain gets Florida from Spain 4. Spain gets all land west of the Mississippi river 5. Native Americans live between Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi river |
The Constitution
The Need
| What were the two problems that needed solving? | 1. States feared that a central government would have far too much power. They wanted the power for themselves. 2. If they made a central government, some states could have more power than others. Power could be based on population of states or wealth of states, and this scared the smaller states. |
| What were the two solutions? | 1. A weak government was created (weak meaning that they cannot enforce the laws, even if every single state agrees). 2. Each state got a single vote in Congress. |
| Who was more powerful under the Articles – the congress or the states? | The states. |
| List some weaknesses of the Articles. | o No money and no power to get it – no taxing o No power over the state governments – they can say whatever they want but nobody has to listen o Unfair competition between states – They couldn’t regulate trade between states o Unenforceable trade agreements – You can make all these great deals with other countries, but you can’t go through with it o Threats to citizen’s rights to property – There was nothing in the Articles to protect the citizens’ rights to property |
| What were four differences between the states? | o Different policies regarding borders o Different policies regarding trade with foreign nations o Different currency for every state o Different taxes for every state |
| Where did Alexander Hamilton propose they meet, and who showed up? | Alexander Hamilton proposed that the leaders meet in Annapolis, Maryland in September 1786. Only 5 of the 13 states showed up, and Maryland wasn’t one of them, even though it was held there! |
The Problems
| How was the weather during the convention? | Hot, humid, muggy, and insufferable, full of flies, much like the movie 1776 – In fact, the Constitution was being debated in the same room!! Independence Hall |
| What were the expectations before the convention? | They knew that the Articles of Confederation would eventually fail, and pressure was rising. There’s a strong need for compromise, and should they fail at this, other countries will ridicule them for talking big and acting little when it came to actually being independent. |
| What were the Domestic problems during 1787? (the ‘time bombs’) | The Congress had no real power, and they had all printed too many bills that were all now worthless, border disputes between the states became a problem, insecurity of peoples’ property rights, and the threat of Native Americans attacking |
| What were the International problems during 1787 (the ‘time bombs’) | The Spanish own Florida and New Orleans, France wants their loans paid back, and Britain is still a threat |
| What was the fear? | The fear is that the time bombs can blow up at any time, and if they don’t diffuse them as quickly as possible, they could lose their independence. Because of Britain’s tyranny, they have paranoia of a central government becoming too strong. They don’t want power to corrupt them. |
| What were the three crucial procedural decisions made? | o The only binding vote these people have is their final vote § All that debating and arguing and semantics are OK…but in the end, you either sign it or you don’t, and that’s what matters. o They decided to keep their debate a secret § Irony, oxymoron, hypocrisy - “We the People”…were not consulted o The President of the Assembly was George Washington, chosen unanimously by all 13 states |
| What was the “Representation” problem? | Larger states wanted their representation to be based on population, but smaller states wanted it all to be equal. |
| What was the “Slavery” problem? | The North wanted to abolish slavery, but the South depended on it agriculturally and therefore economically. They can’t control slavery itself, but they can say no to the future slave trade. |
| What is missing from the Constitution? | The Bill of Rights |
| Why do we celebrate September 17th as “Constitution Day”? | September 17th, 1787 is the day the Constitution was signed. It ends the convention. More than a majority of the 55 have signed it; the question now is whether or not the states will ratify it. |
The Origins
| Shay’s Rebellion let everyone know that security… | Was a national issue, not just a local issue |
| What was the goal of the Virginia Plan? | To scrap the existing Articles of Confederation and make something new |
| What were the two major points of the Virginia Plan? | 1. Whatever we come up with at the end of the convention, it must be stronger than the Articles of Confederation 2. The realization/given/consensus that whatever government we have, it must have three branches |
| What did the breakdown of the three branches look like? | · Legislative o Proportional representation, majority rules (biased towards big states, like Virginia) o Has the power to make national laws that pertain to all states, supersedes state law, regulate trade power to tax and spend, and impeach, legislate on any issue o The stronger house, the House of Representatives, would be elected by the people, while the Senate would be chosen by the House · Executive o One person, chosen by the senate o Commands the army, negotiates treaties · Judicial o Supreme Court ran the Judicial Branch, under which there was Inferior Courts o Judges were elected by the Senate o Arbitrator and mediator in disputes between states, citizens, and the national government and any other party |
| What was the goal of the New Jersey plan? | To revise the Articles of Confederation |
| What is the breakdown of the three Branches like? | § Legislative · Unicameral, only the Senate · State legislatures would elect the Senators · Up until 1913, the people never elected Senators · Equal representation, favored he small states · Minority rights instead of majority rule · Could legislate on all monetary issues, but that’s it § Executive · Council of people, appointed by the Senate · Relatively weak § Judicial · Supreme Court · Judges were chosen by the Senate · Says that if the state courts have any problems, they should go directly to the Supreme Court |
| Who made the Great Compromise? | Roger Sherman |
| What did the breakdown of the branches look like? | § Legislative · House will have proportional representation · Senate will have equal representation · All money bills will begin in the House, because the House’s representatives will be elected by the people § Executive · President will be elected by the Electoral College § Judicial · Will have a Supreme Court and Inferior Courts · Judges would be chosen by the President, in consultation with the Legislative Branch |
| What was the three-fifths compromise? | Said that three out of five slaves counted towards taxation and representation. The South said that they wanted the slaves to be counted for population (for better representation), but not for taxation (so they could keep their money) |
The Vocabulary
| Give basic definitions for these words: | |
| Amend | Change |
| Ratify | Accept |
| Veto | Reject |
| Appeal | Challenge |
| Repeal | Take back |
| Impeach | Accuse |
| Republicanism | Indirectly represents the people political orientation of those who hold that a republic is the best form of government |
| Federalism | Division of power among levels of government |
| Separation of Powers | Division of governmental authority among the three branches of government: executive, legislative, and judicial branch. The US Constitution uses this principle in setting up the presidency, the Congress, and the courts. |
| Limited Government | A government in which the people limit the power of their leaders. |
| Checks and Balances | The ways in which each branch of government limits the powers of the other branches of government. |
The Challenge
| What is the challenge confronting Madison? | How should the Constitution address the awesome responsibility of power |
| What’s his solution? | Factions. |
| What is a faction? | A number of citizens, as a minority or majority, who are united by some common impulse of passion or of interest adverse to the rights of other citizens. |
| What does “Liberty is to factions…what air is to fire” mean? | Liberty is what factions need to operate, like fire needs air. But you can’t take away all the liberty just the same as you can’t take away all the air. |
| What are some examples of factions from Madison’s time? | Property owners, debtors, manufacturing, mercantile, moneyed |
| What are some examples of factions from our time? | Political parties, issue groups, lobbyists, unions, coalition groups |
| What are Madison’s ideas of Pure Republic and Pure Democracy? | o Pure Republic: A government in which a scheme of representation takes place o Pure Democracy: A society consisting of a small number of citizens who assemble and administer the government in person |
| According to Madison, how is a Republic different from a Democracy? | o A Republic can delegate government responsibilities with a smaller number of citizens o A Republic can include a greater “sphere of the country”…or greater interests spanning the country § Though less people in the room, Madison believes that the idea of a Republic has the ability to represent more people than a Democracy |
| Advantages of the Republic | o Republic is the government which can break and control the violence of factions o Republic provides a greater forum for more citizens representing different factions to participate and thereby reduce the potential “factious combinations” o Republic can provide a “medium of a chosen body of citizens whose wisdom may best discern the true interests of their country” |
| What were Madison’s two goals of how power should be in this new system of government? | Power should be: 1. Balanced 2. Limited |
The Three Branches
| Entitle the Articles. | I. Legislative II. Executive III. Judicial IV. Federalism V. Amendments VI. Supreme Law of the Land VII. Ratification |
The Separation of Powers
| Powers of the Legislative | 1. To collect and lay taxes 2. Declare war 3. Print or coin money 4. Regulate commerce with foreign countries 5. To borrow money 6. Pay debts 7. Establish citizenship rules 8. Fix standards of weights and measures 9. Establish infrastructure · Article I, Section 8, Clause 18 o Necessary and Proper Clause, Elastic Clause o Ambiguous – what’s necessary, and what’s proper?!? |
| Legislative Limits | 1. Cannot suspend writ of habeus corpus 2. Cannot pass ex-facto laws 3. Cannot pass bills of attainer § Bills that specifically state that they are only for certain groups of races, creeds, etc. |
| Powers of the Executive | 1. Commander in Chief 2. Can make treaties 3. Conduct foreign policy 4. Can grant pardons 5. Can make appointments 6. State of the Union address 7. Can fill vacancies in Congress 8. Can call an emergency session of Congress 9. Can propose legislation on anything § Must propose a budget every year |
| Powers of the Judicial | 1. Decide conflicts between states 2. Decide conflicts involving the National Government 3. Can oversee the trials of Federal Officers 4. Judicial Review – Deciding the Constitutionality of Law |
The Checks and Balances
| Legislative Checks on the Executive | § Impeach and remove § Override veto § Approve or reject presidential appointments § Control spending § Approve or reject treaties § Selection of the President if the Electoral College votes in a tie |
| Legislative Checks on the Judicial | § Impeachment § Change number of justices § Pass a Constitutional amendment |
| Executive Checks on the Legislative | § Veto § Vice President is President of Senate § Can make recess or vacancy appointments § Can call special sessions of Congress § The Bully Pulpit · One President verses so many in Congress · He can have CNN, MSNBC, etc. at the White House with a snap of his finger |
| Executive Checks on the Judicial | § Grants pardons § Appoints federal judges |
| Judicial Checks on the Legislative | § Judicial review |
| Judicial Checks on the Executive | § Can rule executive acts “Unconstitutional” § Chief Justice sits as justice in federal trials § Cannot be fired by the President |
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